Oțeluri pentru scule pentru lucru la cald

Uneltele pentru procesele de forjare la cald trebuie să fie rezistente la fractură, uzură la cald și oboseală termică. Aceste cerințe sunt îndeplinite pe deplin de oțelurile călite de 3% și 5% CrMoV cu o duritate de aproximativ 35 până la 55 HRC. Inserțiile de scule supuse unor solicitări speciale sunt, de asemenea, realizate din oțeluri maraging, cum ar fi Fe-18% Ni-Co-Mo-Ti.

Oțelurile pentru scule pentru lucru la cald sunt oțeluri aliate pentru scule destinate aplicațiilor în care temperatura suprafeței este în general mai mare de 200 °C. În timpul utilizării, scula este în contact scurt și ciclic cu materiale fierbinți, a căror temperatură este cu mult peste 200 °C. Pe lângă tensiunile termice, scula este supusă și ciclurilor termice.
Temperatura materialelor prelucrate este cuprinsă între ≈ 400 și 1200 ℃, ceea ce înseamnă că sculele trebuie să fie suficient de răcite. Cu cât timpul de contact este mai lung și timpul relativ de răcire mai scurt, cu atât temperatura de la suprafața sculelor se apropie mai mult de temperatura piesei de prelucrat. Timpul de contact variază de la milisecunde în cazul matrițelor cu ciocan și al cilindrilor de sârmă la minute în cazul extrudării la cald.

Prin urmare, pentru a asigura o durată de viață și o productivitate ridicată a sculelor, oțelurile pentru scule destinate acestor aplicații trebuie să reziste nu numai la solicitările mecanice și abrazive generale care apar în oțelurile pentru scule, ci și la solicitările termice alternante ridicate.

Cele mai importante proprietăți cerute oțelurilor pentru scule destinate prelucrării la cald sunt, de exemplu, rezistența la cald și tenacitatea la cald pentru rezistența la fractură și rezistența la deformare și uzură la cald. Rezistența la temperatură ridicată oferă rezistență la înmuiere la temperaturi ridicate. Rezistența la șocurile termice previne formarea timpurie a fisurilor de oboseală termică, așa-numitele "heat checkings", datorate sarcinilor ciclice. Aceste proprietăți sunt determinate în mare măsură de caracteristicile metalurgice și, prin urmare, sunt deja stabilite în timpul procesului de topire și formare a oțelului pentru prelucrări la cald. Desigur, un tratament termic final de înaltă calitate al sculelor joacă, de asemenea, un rol major.

În funcție de stresul termic, se utilizează oțeluri pentru scule pentru prelucrare la cald și oțeluri de înaltă rezistență care pot fi tratate termic, cu sau fără duritate secundară pronunțată. Cele mai frecvent utilizate tipuri de oțeluri sunt oțelurile pentru scule din grupa oțelurilor CrMoV 3% și 5%, cu un conținut de C de aproximativ 0,4% și un conținut variabil de Mo și V.
Oțelurile speciale pentru lucru la cald cu cea mai mare rezistență la cald și la revenire pot fi, de asemenea, aliate cu un conținut ridicat de Co. Oțelurile maraging cu conținut scăzut de C bazate pe un sistem de aliaje NiCoMoTi sunt, de asemenea, utilizate pentru inserții de matrițe supuse unor solicitări deosebit de mari.
Metodele și procesele speciale de fabricație, cum ar fi recoacerea prin difuzie, tratamentul structural (clasa BÖHLER ISODISC), retopirea prin electroslag (clasa BÖHLER ISOBLOC) sau retopirea cu arc în vid (clasa BÖHLER VMR) permit obținerea unei purități și a unei microhomogenități ridicate și, astfel, îmbunătățirea decisivă a rezistenței la fractură și la fisurarea la foc a acestor oțeluri de înaltă performanță.

Aplicațiile preferate ale oțelurilor pentru lucru la cald sunt uneltele pentru formarea la cald a metalelor ușoare și a oțelului, cum ar fi forjarea, extrudarea, turnarea sub presiune, forfecarea la cald, dar și în prelucrarea materialelor plastice. Pentru temperaturi foarte ridicate, sunt posibile, de asemenea, oțelurile austenitice rezistente la căldură și la calcar și aliajele pe bază de nichel, care au mai puțină tendință la fluaj dependent de diffuziune datorită compoziției aliajului.

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    Prelucrabilitate în stare livrată
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    BÖHLER W403 VMR

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