Optimised geometry and wheel/rail contact, reduced deflecting forces

- Layout geometry (e.g.circular curve turnouts, asymmetric clothoids)

- Kinematic Gauge Optimization KGO for special applications (self-steering effect)

- Load-optimised switch and wheel transition

- Wheel contact geometry (Delta-Kappa, constant running radius difference for different wheel positions)

Switch geometry optimization by use of

- Multibody-dynamic vehicle simulations as mass-spring-damper system and track with variable sections

- Computer Aided Design CAD

- Finite Element Analysis